PPC是巴黎和会 。巴黎和会是一战结束后的1919年 ，胜利的协约国集团为解决战争所造成的问题以及奠定战后的和平而召开的会议。这个和会是胜利国举行的和会，又是个大国操纵的和会
，德国等战败国和苏俄被排斥在会议之外
。

扩展资料：

美 、英、法三国最高***主导了和会的进行。和会上签订了处置德国的《凡尔赛和约》，同时还分别同奥
、匈、土等国签订了一系列和约 。它们构成了凡尔赛体系 ，确立了一战后由美 、英
、法等主要战胜国主导的国际政治格局
。

1914年奥地利王储斐迪南大公夫妇遇刺
，这件事情改变了全世界命运。当年7月28日，奥匈帝国对塞尔维亚宣战 。随即 ，这两个国家背后的德意志帝国与沙皇俄国宣战
，至英德两国宣战后，意味欧洲战区全面开打
。"唐启华介绍 ，就在百年前的8月7日
，中国对所有交战国宣布保持局外中立。

参考资料：

2020年8月1日雅思阅读考试真题答案

1

We humans are social creatures and whilst some of us are more introverted than others (we shun the spotlight) we all still need and crave the respect, admiration and approval of our peers and this is a fundamental need which is possessed by all humans regardless of status in life, personal wealth or power. We are all eager to make our mark on the world, to stand out and allow our individuality to show clearly and prominently and this is why funny t-shirts are so popular because it places us firmly in control.

Many of us feel the need to conform with our peer group and so purchase and wear exactly the same apparel as them meaning that our individuality and personal freedom is sorely restricted indeed. Funny t-shirts provide us with a convenient escape plan meaning that we can have our cake and eat it.

The bitter irony about being human is that whilst we are social creatures and therefore need social interaction in order to thrive and survive, we make things extremely difficult upon ourselves by imposing long winded and arduous obstacles and rituals. The number of rules of etiquette and methods of behaving in different social situations is large and complex indeed and it is little wonder then that many of us are left out on a limb whenever we meet someone new. Both parties have to fight the natural urge to spend the entire conversation talking about themselves, lest they appear too self-absorbed or impolite whilst at the same time professing to enjoy what the other person has to say even when they so clearly do not.

Funny t-shirts are an excellent way to "break the ice" in any social context, whether it is a party, family get together or even a date. It provides common, emotionally neutral ground upon which both parties can meet, and provides a convenient talking point for them both, from there, more substantial and meaningful conversation can be achieved. On that basis then, funny t-shirts can be fairly described as the necessary catalyst which will help lubricate the final success of any social interaction and so whilst the purchase of funny t-shirts maybe little more than a impulse purchase for most people, they serve an extremely beneficial and strategic role in the long term.

People who are contemplating purchasing funny t-shirts raise the question: "what if my date does not get the joke, or otherwise find it not that funny?"

Just because your date doesn't appreciate your particular brand of humor does not mean that the date is a total loss, after all if they take an interest in your T-shirt (for example asking for an explanation of what the joke/significance of it is) this means that again, the ice is broken. Funny t-shirts are also the ideal gift for someone because they are so personal and individualistic, serving to accurately and effectively representing and conveying the personality of the wearer in a more graphical and overt form.

2

There are many companies located in the United States that are beginning to manufacture t-shirts made from all natural products in keeping with going 'green'. The purchase of t-shirts and clothing made in other countries is also an issue now with 'sweatshops' being used for cheap labor. There are many reasons for only purchasing American made t-shirts.

Tips for Finding American Made Products

If you want to be sure the products you are purchasing are not produced in sweatshops by workers, who are being exploited, buy USA made t-shirts. Countries overseas that are paying workers very little, denying them the basic rights of humane treatment and seeking reprisal for those who do not conform are not something that should be supported.

Shoppers are often unaware of the origin of the clothes they purchase. All they know is they go to the store, see something they like and make a purchase. If they knew what was really behind the manufacture of the clothing they may change their minds about buying these items.

American made t-shirts may be found by adhering to several tips that will ensure the clothing you are purchasing is not made in a sweat shop. One of the ways of finding USA made t-shirts is to look for clothing made under the Fair Trade system. This means the items you are buying are made by workers who are treated fairly. They are paid an honest wage and are guaranteed breaks and sick leave instead of being treated badly. Workers who are in the Fair Trade system are usually economically disadvantaged so this will be helping them to support themselves and their families.

The UNITE HERE label is another way to find American made t-shirts that are not made in sweatshops. This is a union that was created when the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees and Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Union merged. USA made t-shirts purchased with a Union label is a guarantee that the workers who made your t-shirt are treated fairly. They have a contract with the company they work for that ensures safe and fair working conditions as well as the wages they are being paid and benefits.

Check on the companies that make clothing. You can find cooperatives in the U.S. that are a very good organization to support. American made t-shirts made by cooperatives may be another source of t-shirts made from all natural materials. By helping to protect the environment you are also helping low-income employees to support themselves. The co-ops are often formed by individuals who have an ownership in the company. This allows them to have a steady income and good working conditions. The products made are of a good quality because they take pride in the manufacturing process of a company they own.

If you have a favorite store where you purchase your clothing, you can check them out and see if they have poor labor habits. Are the t-shirts you are purchasing American made t-shirts or is your favorite store using sweatshops for the clothing they bring to you? The Responsible Shopper Website is one way of finding out if the USA made t-shirts are really made in the USA. The company's profile will have any accusations made against them and information about whether they are lined to abusive sweatshops.

It is hard today to make sure the clothing you are buying is made without the use of labor practices that are unfair to others. We should be concerned with the clothes we wear naturally because we want to look our best. Emphasis is on wearing name brand clothing and if American made t-shirts have the brand, this is all well and good. But if the brand you like is being made by children who are being mistreated and made to sit for hours without breaks, is wearing that brand worth it? Do some investigative work about the brands you like. By taking a stand you can help to stop these unfair practices.

3

Have you read any sarcastic political t-shirts lately? You can read good shirts, bad shirts, hostile shirts, cynical shirts, and shirts with chips on their shoulder. Yes, it is crazy time in the USA - Presidential campaign season - and it's time for sarcastic political t-shirts.

Shirts with political slogans on them date from the 1960s, but today's sarcastic political t-shirts are darker and edgier. They deal with more personal concerns. And because modern technology has advanced, they come in more forms than ever before.

While the smiley face enjoyed a brief comeback in 2007, people in 2008 are relating more to sarcasm.

T-shirt manufacturers have to be able to capture every nuance, every change in the mood, and every headline if they want to stay on top of the sarcastic political t-shirt trends. Because the technology is there to allow them to do it, a candidate can make a slip up in speech and 30 minutes later, it can be on a t-shirt for sale.

And people who find politics absurd are flocking to buy these sarcastic political t-shirts which say things like "Disenfranchised" or "Undecided Voter."

But partisans love sarcastic political t shirts as well. Consider the McCain supporter wearing the "Coming this Fall: Michelle Obama - Extreme Wife Makeover" or the Obama fan wearing the shirt with McCain's mug on it saying "Never Been Kissed."

Avid supporters of either president's campaign find wearing sarcastic political t-shirts more amusing than the standard ones issued by the campaign. It lets them insert their own personality into the carefully scripted campaign.

4

Many of our contemporary mass-used products and services, like for example the Internet, are the outcome of military research or cultural intervention. In out case, the American fashion item that was introduced by the US soldiers at the beginning of the twentieth century and is a century later still considered a must-have piece in every person’s wardrobe, is simply referred to as the “T-shirt. ” Sold in a variety of styles, colors, sizes and printed layouts, the T-shirt frenzy has over the years spread across the globe making people feel “cool” and “trendy
” when wearing this comfortable outfit. In fact, today, any variation of this upper-body garment is considered an essential part of men’s and women’s clothing; making it one of the longer fashion trends alive.

The T-shirt industry came into existence during WWI, as the returning American troops introduced the lightweight cotton undershirt worn at the time only by European soldiers. In comparison to the wool uniforms the US Navy and Army soldiers had to wear, this piece of garment allowed the skin to breathe and provided a cooling sensation when worn; especially in hot summer days and nights. Due to its simple, button-less, collar-less and pocket-less design, the shirt introduced by the US Navy in 1913, quickly became known as the “T-shirt,” since it covered most of a person’s torso. By 1920, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary included the word T-shirt in its English language version and during WWII it has become a standard undergarment for US and European soldiers.

But the tremendous appeal of this piece of clothing and the actual boom of the T-shirt industry is mainly attributed to the movies. Worn by the big screen movie stars of the 50s, the masses were accustomed to the idea of wearing such a lightweight garment above their bare skin without another shirt on top. Actors like John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean wore T-shirts on movies as well as on national syndicated television. Although shocked at first, the US public quickly endorsed this clothing item and as sales skyrocketed it was apparent that the T-shirt had become one major success-story of the twentieth century fashion history. In fact, T-shirts made their way through the political landscape of the time when in 1948 Thomas E. Dewey and in 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower used them in their promotional campaigns with the printed logos “Dew It for Dewey ” and “I Like Ike
” respectively.

The youthful, anti-establishment attitude of James Dean in “Rebel Without a Cause,” took an unexpected twist when T-shirts were reintroduced in the 1960s and 1970s as a symbol of youth and rebellion during women’s sexual revolution. Later, T-shirts became personal billboards, carrying names, logos, phrases, famous quotes, anecdotes, wishes and all kinds of printed messages. Due to its inexpensive and stylish nature, the T-shirt created a multibillion dollars industry, expanding from Rock and Roll bands to athletes and construction workers. In fact, the T-shirt became a commodity item in the apparel industry marking generations, attitudes and personal lifestyles.

Comfortable, casual, and always in style, the T-shirt has now entered cyberspace and is created, bought and sold via online stores all across the globe. As the new millennium brought information age one step closer to the masses, T-shirt varieties will continue to be produced and worn in different occasions carrying diverse themes anywhere in the world. From war protestors to busy family men the jersey stitch of cotton and/or polyester fibers of contemporary T-shirt is here to stay.

5

A trusty T-shirts is sometimes like a true friend and can be with us for a very long time. They are often among our most prized possessions. Depending on how we came by it.

What makes them so likable is that they're great for adults or child and seem to be great everywhere. Kids might enjoy a funky t-shirts with their favorite designs or slogans on them and the same could apply to adults as well.

Many clothing companies offer an extensive range of band and artist related t-shirts. You can also get a big selection of comedy, fancy and party time t-shirts online. As with all clothing tendency of fashion and shopping styles are constantly changing and so do which style of t-shirts are in and out of style.

Band t-shirts are among the most popular of all and one reason may be that there are thousands of clothing stores that endorse and sell musical clothing. That and the fact that these types of t-shirts are so easy to take care of, and are very comfortable to wear.

The t-shirt wearing subculture seems to be shunned sometimes because of some of the things that some of the t-shirts endorse. However, even though there are some distasteful one's out there, there are also some really great ones as well.

Band t-shirts originally started to gain popularity back in the sixties when bands started to travel around the world performing and playing to larger and larger crowds. As the audiences grew so did the number of outlets where t-shirts from these mega concerts could be acquired. Stores began to offer wider varieties of design and styles for customers to purchase. These days you can buy virtually any band t-shirt from just about anywhere in the world right in your local mall. No matter which country you live in.

Buy t shirts, ladies tops, long sleeved t shirts, hoodies, sweatshirts and punk clothing, vintage t shirts, band t shirts, rock clothing at our music clothing stores.

6

As fashion launches itself headfirst into 2007, emerging musical trends - most notably indie rock and new rave - seem to have influenced the t-shirt design industry in a variety of ways. Tops and T-shirts for men found on the fashion highway are so bright, colourful and splashed across with patterns that it's hard to believe that, at one time, the t-shirt was only available in one colour - white.

The t-shirt has a long history that dates back to the nineteenth century. Primarily developed as a type of underwear, the t-shirt was popularised in European society around the turn of the century. The t-shirt then spread into the United States during World War One, when American soldiers caught sight of the soft undershirts - then made of Egyptian cotton - while the US military sweated in wool uniforms.

By World War Two, the t-shirt had become standard issue in both the US army and the Navy; and although the t-shirt was still formally issued as underwear, soldiers stationed in hot climates would often wear it without any clothes on top - hence giving birth to the modern notion of the t-shirt. As the public were exposed to photographs of men wearing their t-shirts, the fashion soon spread into American life.

In the post-World War Two era, t-shirts were popularised by global movie stars such as John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean - and since this time, t-shirt fashion trends have undergone constant revolutions. In the 1960s, Ringer T-Shirts were popular, as were tie-dying and screen-printing on basic t-shirts. In the 1970s, the black concert t-shirt became a staple with rock music fans across the world, as people began wearing t-shirts emblazoned with their favourite band's logo or symbol for all to see.

While the t-shirt trend continued well into the 1980s and 1990s, these decades also saw the advent of slogan t-shirts. T-shirt slogans like "I'm with stupid" or "Frankie says Relax" - a popular homage to the 1980s band, Frankie Goes to Hollywood - became a common fashion feature. But as these slogans became increasingly ubiquitous, it's no surprise that the early years of the new millennium saw the phenomenon of "personal branding" on t-shirts become a mainstay of t-shirt fashion.

And with both traditional fashion retailers and t-shirt websites making it easier for people to create their own t-shirt trends, the world of t-shirt design has never been brighter - in both a physical and metaphorical sense! With bright colours and bold patterns - a prominent feature of t-shirt fashion in early 2007 - t-shirt fans around the world can expect great things from the t-shirt world, both now and in years to come.

写的不对我再改

　8月1号进行了八月初的第一场雅思的考试，相信大家对真题以及答案会非常的感兴趣、今天就由的我为大家介绍2020年8月1日雅思阅读考试真题答案 。

　 一 、考题解析

　P1 土地沙漠化

　P2 澳大利亚的鹦鹉

　P3 多重任务

　 二
、名师点评

　1.8月份首场考试的难度总体中等 ，有出现比较多的配对题
，没有出现Heading题，其余主要以常规的填空 ，判断和选择题为主
。文章的话题和题型搭配也是在剑桥真题中都有迹可循，所以备考重心依然还是剑桥官方真题。

　2. 整体分析：涉及环境类（P1）、动物类（P2） 、社科类（P3） 。

　本次考试的P2和P3均为旧题
。P2是动物类的话题
，题型组合为：段落细节配对+单选+summary填空，难度中等。题型上也延续19年的出题特点 ，出现配对题
，考察定位速度和准确度 。P3也出现了段落细节配对，主要是段落细节配对+单选+判断。三种题型难度中等 ，但是文章理解起来略有难度
。

　3. 部分答案及参考文章：

　Passage 1：土地沙漠化

　题型及答案待确认

　Passage 2：澳大利亚的鹦鹉

　题型：段落细节配对+单选+Summary填空

　技巧分析：由于段落细节配对是完全乱序出题
，在定位时需要先做后面的单选题及填空题，最大化利用已读信息来确定答案 ，尽量避免重复阅读
，以保证充分的做题时间。

　文章内容及题目参考：

　A 概况，关于一个大的生物种类

　B 一些物种消失的原因 ，题干关键词：an example of one bird species extinct

　C 一种鹦鹉不能自己存活
，以捕食另一种鸟为生，吃该鸟类的蛋 。题干关键词：two species competed at the expense of oneanother

　D 吸引鹦鹉的原因以及鹦鹉嘴的特点
。题干关键词：analysis of reasons as Australian landscapeattract parrots

　E 植物是如何适应鹦鹉。题干关键词：plants attract birds which make the animal adaptto the environment

　F 南半球对英语的影响

　G 两种鹦鹉从环境改变中获益并存活下来 。题干关键词：two species of parrots benefit fromm theenvironment change

　H 外来物种及本地鹦鹉

　I 鸟类栖息地被破坏以及人类采取的措施

　J 作者对于鹦鹉问题的态度

　单选题：

　why parrots in the whole world are lineal descendants of

　选项关键词：continent split from Africa

　the writer thinks parrots species beak is for

　选项关键词：adjust to their suitable diet

　which one is not mentioned

　选项关键词：should be frequently maintained

　填空题：分布在文章的前两段

　one-sixth

　16th century

　mapmaker

　John Gould

　Passage 3：多重任务

　题型：段落细节配对+单选+判断

　参考答案及文章

　28 F

　29I

　30C

　31B

　32G

　33C

　34B

　35A

　36YES

　37YES

　38NO

　39NOT GIVEN

　40NO

　Passage3： multitasking

　Multitasking Debate—Can you do them at the same time？

　Talking on the phone while driving isn＇t the only situationwhere we＇re worse at multitasking than we might like to think we are. Newstudies have identified a bottleneck in our brains that some say means we arefundamentally incapable of true multitasking. If experimental findings reflectreal-world performance ， people who think they are multitasking are probablyjust underperforming in all-or at best， all but one -of their parallelpursuits. Practice might improve your performance
， but you will never be asgood as when focusing on one task at a time.

　The problem， according to René Marois ， a psychologist atVanderbilt University in Nashville
， Tennessee， is that there＇s a sticking pointin the brain. To demonstrate this ， Marois devised an experiment to locate nteers watch a screen and when a particular image appears
， a red circle，say ， they have to press a key with their index finger. Different colouredcircles require presses from different fingers. Typical response time is about half a second
， and thevolunteers quickly reach their peak performance. Then they learn to listen todifferent recordings and respond by making a specific sound. For instance， whenthey hear a bird chirp ， they have to say ＂ba＂； an electronic soundshould elicit a ＂ko＂
， and so on. Again， no problem. A normal personcan do that in about half a second ， with almost no effort. The trouble comeswhen Marois shows the volunteers an image， then almost immediately plays them asound. Now they＇re flummoxed. ＂If you show an image and play a sound atthe same time
， one task is postponed，＂ he says. In fact ，if the second taskis introduced within the half-second or so it takes to process and react to thefirst
， it will simply be delayed until the first one is done. The largestdual-task delays occur when the two tasks are presented simultaneously； delaysprogressively shorten as the interval between presenting the tasks lengthens（See Diagram）.

　There are at least three points where we seem to getstuck， says Marois. The first is in simply identifying what we＇re looking ?can take a few tenths of a second ， during which time we are not able tosee and recognise a second item. This limitation is known as the＂attentional blink＂： experiments have shown that if you＇re watchingout for a particular event and a second one shows up unexpectedly any timewithin this crucial window of concentration
， it may register in your visualcortex but you will be unable to act upon it. Interestingly， if you don＇texpect the first event ， you have no trouble responding to the second. Whatexactly causes the attentional blink is still a matter for debate.

　A second limitation is in our short-term visual ＇s estimated that we can keep track of about four items at a time
， fewer ifthey are complex. This capacity shortage is thought to explain， in part ， our astonishinginability to detect even huge changes in scenes that are otherwise identical
，so-called ＂change blindness＂. Show people pairs of near-identicalphotos -say， aircraft engines in one picture have disappeared in the other -andthey will fail to spot the differences （if you don＇t believe it ， check out theclips at /~rensink/flicker/download）. Here again， though
， thereis disagreement about what the essential limiting factor really is. Does itcome down to a dearth of storage capacity， or is it about how much attention aviewer is paying？

　A third limitation is that choosing a response to astimulus -braking when you see a child in the road ， for instance
，or replyingwhen your mother tells you over the phone that she＇s thinking of leaving yourdad -also takes brainpower. Selecting a response to one of these things willdelay by some tenths of a second your ability to respond to the other. This iscalled the ＂response selection bottleneck＂ theory， first proposed in1952.

　Last December ， Marois and his colleagues published apaper arguing that this bottleneck is in fact created in two different areas ofthe brain： one in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex and another in thesuperior medial frontal cortex （Neuron
， vol 52， p 1109）. They found this byscanning people＇s brains with functional MRI while the subjects struggled tochoose among eight possible responses to each of two closely timed tasks. Theydiscovered that these brain areas are not tied to any particular sense but aregenerally involved in selecting responses ， and they seemed to queue theseresponses when presented with multiple tasks concurrently.

　Bottleneck？ What bottleneck？

　But David Meyer
， a psychologist at the University ofMichigan， Ann Arbor ， doesn＇t buy the bottleneck idea. He thinks dual-taskinterference is just evidence of a strategy used by the brain to prioritisemultiple activities. Meyer is known as something of an optimist by his ?has written papers with titles like ＂Virtually perfect time-sharing indual-task performance： Uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck＂（Psychological Science
， vol 12， p101）. His experiments have shown that withenough practice -at least 2000 tries -some people can execute two taskssimultaneously as competently as if they were doing them one after the ?suggests that there is a central cognitive processor that coordinates allthis and ， what＇s more， he thinks it uses discretion： sometimes it chooses todelay one task while completing another.

　Even with practice
， not all people manage to achieve thisharmonious time-share， however. Meyer argues that individual differences comedown to variations in the character of the processor -some brains are just more＂cautious＂ ， some more ＂daring＂. And despite urban legend
，there are no noticeable

　differences between men and women. So， according to him ，it＇s not a central bottleneck that causes dual-task interference
， but rather＂adaptive executive control＂， which ＂schedules task processesappropriately to obey instructions about their relative priorities and serialorder＂.

　Marois agrees that practice can sometimes eraseinterference effects. He has found that with just 1 hour of practice each dayfor two weeks ， volunteers show a huge improvement at managing both his tasks atonce. Where he disagrees with Meyer is in what the brain is doing to achievethis. Marois speculates that practice might give us the chance to find lesscongested circuits to execute a task -rather like finding trusty back streetsto avoid heavy traffic on main roads -effectively making our response to thetask subconscious. After all
， there are plenty of examples of subconsciousmultitasking that most of us routinely manage： walking and talking， eating andreading ， watching TV and folding the laundry.

　But while some dual tasks benefit from practice
， otherssimply do not. ＂Certain kinds of tasks are really hard to do two atonce，＂ says Pierre Jolicoeur at the University of Montreal ， Canada， whoalso studies multitasking. Dual tasks involving a visual stimulus andskeletal-motor response （which he dubs ＂in the eye and out the hand＂）and an auditory stimulus with a verbal response （＂in the ear and out themouth＂） do seem to be amenable to practice
， he says. Jolicoeur has foundthat with enough training such tasks can be performed as well together asapart. He speculates that the brain connections that they use may be somehowspecial， because we learn to speak by hearing and learn to move by looking. Butpair visual input with a verbal response ， or sound to motor
， and there＇s nodramatic improvement. ＂It looks like no amount of practice will allow youto combine these，＂ he says.

　For research purposes ， these experiments have to be keptsimple. Real-world multitasking poses much greater challenges. Even the upbeatMeyer is sceptical about how a lot of us live our lives. Instant-messaging andtrying to do your homework？ ＂It can＇t be done
，＂ he says. Conducting ajob interview while answering emails？ ＂There＇s no way you wind up being asgood.＂ Needless to say， there appear to be no researchers in the area ofmultitasking who believe that you can safely drive a car and carry on a phoneconversation. In fact ， last year David Strayer at the University of Utah inSalt Lake City reported that people using cellphones drive no better thandrunks （Human Factors
， vol 48， p 381）. In another study ， Strayer found thatusing a hands-free kit did not improve a driver＇s response time. He concludedthat what distracts a driver so badly is the very act of talking to someone whoisn＇t present in the car and therefore is unaware of the hazards facing thedriver.

　“No researchers believe it＇s safe to drive a car andcarry on a phone conversation ”

　It probably comes as no surprise that
， generallyspeaking， we get worse at multitasking as we age. According to Art Kramer atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ， who studies how ageing affectsour cognitive abilities， we peak in our 20s. Though the decline is slow throughour 30s and on into our 50s
， it is there； and after 55， it becomes moreprecipitous. In one study ， he and his colleagues had both young and oldparticipants do a simulated driving task while carrying on a conversation. Hefound that while young drivers tended to miss background changes
， older driversfailed to notice things that were highly relevant. Likewise， older subjects hadmore trouble paying attention to the more important parts of a scene than youngdrivers.

　It＇s not all bad news for over-55s ， though. Kramer alsofound that older people can benefit from practice. Not only did they learn toperform better
， brain scans showed that underlying that improvement was achange in the way their brains become active.

　Whileit＇s clear that practice can often make a difference， especially as we age ， thebasic facts remain sobering. ＂We have this impression of an almightycomplex brain
，＂ says Marois， ＂and yet we have very humbling andcrippling limits.＂ For most of our history ， we probably never needed to domore than one thing at a time
， he says， and so we haven＇t evolved to be ableto. Perhaps we will in future ， though. We might yet look back one day on peoplelike Debbie and Alun as ancestors of a new breed of true multitaskers.